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| ACRONYMS
ACEA - Association
of European Automotive Manufacturers
AGMA - American
Gear Manufacturers Association
API - American
Petroleum Institute
ASLE - American
Society of Lubrication Engineers
ASME - American
Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM - American
Society for Testing and Materials
BPT -
Borderline Pumping Temperature
BTU - British
Thermal Unit
CARB -
California Air Resources Board
CCS - Cold
Crank Simulator
CEC - Conseil
Europen de Coordination pour les
CMA - Chemical
Manufacturers Association
cP - CentiPoise
cSt -
CentiStoke
COC - Cleveland
Open Cup
DIN - Deutsche
Industrie Norm
EGR - Exhaust
Gas Recirculation
EHD or EHL -
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
EMA - Engine
Manufacturers Association
EP - Extreme
Pressure
ILSAC -
International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee
ISO -
International Organization for Standardization
JAMA - Japanese
Automobile Manufacturers Association Inc.
JASO - Japan
Automobile Standards Organization
MSDS - Material
Safety Data Sheet
NLGI - National
Lubricating Grease Institute
NMMA - National
Marine Manufacturers Association
PAO -
Polyalphaolefin
SAE - Society
of Automotive Engineers
STLE - Society
of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers
SUS or SSU -
Saybolt Universal Seconds
TAN - Total
Acid Number
TBN - Total
Base Number
VI - Viscosity
Index
VII - Viscosity
Index Improve
ZDP - Zinc
Dithiophosphate
|
COMMON TERMS
Abrasion
- The wearing, grinding, or rubbing away by
friction. Abrasion is usually due to the presence of foreign matter such
as dirt, grit or metallic particles in the lubricant
Absolute Viscosity -
The product of Kinematic Viscosity and Density.
Absolute Viscosity (n) = Kinematic Viscosity (y) x Density (p).
Acid -
Corrosive solution formed by the combination of hydrogen and oxygen
atoms with metal or metallic radicals. Acidic solutions may be
neutralized with a base or alkaline solution.
Acid Number - A
measure of the amount of KOH needed to neutralize all or part of the
acidity of a lubricant
Additive -
Material added to a base stock to change its properties, characteristics
or performance.
Adhesion - The
property of a lubricant that causes it to cling or adhere to a solid
surface. Wear occurring when surfaces contact, weld together and shear
off.
Air Entrainment -
The incorporation of air in the form of bubbles
dispersed in a fluid. Common when an improper amount of antifoam agent
is added to reduce foaming.
Ambient Temperature -
Temperature of the air surrounding the point of application.
Anhydrous -
Free of water.
Antifoam -
Additive used to suppress the foaming tendency of lubricants in service.
Improper amounts of antifoam will lead to air entrainment, which also
leads to lubrication problems.
Antifreeze -
Solution in an engine cooling system that lowers the coolants freezing
point and raises its boiling point.
Antioxidant (oxidation inhibitor) -
An additive that retards oxidation of lubricants.
Antiwear -
Additives that form thin tenacious films on loaded parts to prevent
metal-to-metal contact.
Apparent Viscosity -
A measure of the viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid under specified
temperature & shear. Viscosity is expressed in units of centipoise (cP).
Ash - Metallic
deposits formed in the combustion chamber and other engine parts during
high temperature operation.
Ash (Sulfated) -
The ash content of an oil, determined by charring the oil, treating the
residue with sulfuric acid, and evaporating to dryness. Expressed as %
per mass.
Ball Bearing
- A class of bearing in which the moving
surface is separated from the stationary surface by elements in the form
of balls.
Bases -
Compounds that react with acids to form salts plus water. Alkalis are
water-soluble bases used in petroleum refining to remove acidic
impurities. Oil soluble bases are included in lubricating oil additives
to neutralize acids formed during the combustion of fuel or oxidation of
the lubricant.
Base Stock -
The base fluid, usually a refined petroleum fraction or a selected
synthetic material, into which additives are blended to produce finished
lubricants.
Base Number -
The amount of acid needed to neutralize all or part of a lubricants
basicity.
Bearing - An
object that supports weight and reduces friction by allowing a surface
to rotate or slide when under load.
Biodegradable -
Ability of a material can be broken down, within given parameters of
time and environment, by naturally occurring bacteria into simple
substances, which do not harm the environment.
Bleeding -
Separation of liquid lubricant from a grease.
Blow-by -
Passage of unburned fuel and combustion gases past the piston rings of
internal combustion engines, resulting in fuel dilution and
contamination of the crankcase oil.
Boundary Lubrication -
Lubrication between two rubbing surfaces without the development of a
full fluid lubricating film. It occurs under high loads and requires the
use of antiwear or extreme-pressure additives to prevent metal-to metal
contact.
Brinelling -
Denting caused by impact of one bearing component against another while
stationary.
By-Pass Filtration -
A system of filtration in which only a portion of the total flow of a
circulating fluid system passes through a filter at any instant or in
which a filter having its own circulating pump operates in parallel to
the main flow.
Carbon Residue
- Coked material remaining after an oil has
been subjected to high temperatures.
Cavitation -
The formation and collapse of vapor bubbles within a liquid.
Centipoise (cP) -
Unit of measure for apparent viscosity.
Centistoke (cSt) -
Unit of measure for Kinematic Viscosity.
Cetane Index -
A value calculated from the physical properties of a diesel fuel to
predict its Cetane Number.
Cetane Number -
Measure of ignition quality of a diesel fuel. The
higher the Cetane Number, the easier a high-speed, direct injection
engine will start, and the less white smoking and diesel knock after
start up.
Cetane Number Improver -
An additive that boosts the Cetane Number of a fuel while improving
combustion efficiency and increasing power in a diesel engine.
Channel Point -
See pour point. As you reduce the temperature of an oil toward the pour
point, you reach a point where you can run your finger through an oil
and it will not fill in the trench you leave behind. Example: the
gearing in the rear end of a car. Although the gears might move, the
gear oil will not flow back into the gear to lubricate it readily.
Chemical Stability -
The tendency of a substance or mixture to resist chemical change.
Cleveland Open Cup (C.O.C.) -
An apparatus used to determine the flash and fire
points of petroleum products other than fuel oils and those having an
open cup flash below 79C/175F.
Cloud Point -
The temperature at which a cloud of wax crystals appears when a
lubricant or distillate fuel is cooled under standard conditions.
Indicates the tendency of the material to plug filters or small orifices
under cold weather conditions.
Coefficient of Friction -
Number obtained by dividing the frictional force resisting motion
between two bodies (F) by the normal force pressing the bodies together
(L). m = F L
Cohesion - That
property of a substance that causes it to resist being pulled apart by
mechanical means.
Cold Cranking Simulator (C.C.S.) - An intermediate shear rate viscometer
that predicts the ability of an oil to permit a satisfactory cranking
speed to be developed in a cold engine.
Combustion Chamber -
The space between the piston and cylinder head in an internal combustion
engine where the charge of fuel plus air is burned to produce power.
Compatibility -
A lubricants ability to be mixed with another
lubricant without detriment to either lubricant. Also, the ability to
come into contact with other components or materials without detrimental
effects.
Compound -
Substance formed by the combination of two or more elements with
differing physical and chemical properties than the combining elements.
Compression Ignition -
Ignition of fuel by the heat generated in
compressing the air charge, as in the diesel engine.
Compression Ratio -
The ratio of the volume of combustion space at the bottom dead center to
that at top dead center, in an internal combustion engine.
Consistency -
The degree to which a semi-solid material such as grease resists
deformation.
Contaminant -
Any material that is unwanted or adversely affects the fluid power
system and/or its components.
Coolant - Fluid
used to remove heat. Commonly found in an engines cooling system.
Copper Strip Corrosion -
Qualitative measure of the tendency of a liquid to corrode pure copper.
Corrosion -
Destruction of a metal by chemical or electo-chemical reaction with its
environment.
Corrosion Inhibitor -
Additive that protects lubricated metal surfaces from chemical attack by
water or other contaminates.
Cracking -
Refining process in which large molecules are broken down into smaller
molecules. Cracking takes place to some extent whenever high molecular
material is heated strongly, but can be increased by catalysts.
Crankcase - The
housing in which the crankshaft and many other parts of the engine
operate. On a two-cycle engine, the area in which the fuel/oil mixture
is drawn before being transferred to the cylinder.
Crankcase Dilution -
When unburned fuel finds its way past the piston rings into the
crankcase oil, where it dilutes or thins out the engine lubricating oil.
Crude Oil -
Naturally occurring petroleum, before any refining or treatment.
Demulsibility
- The measure of a fluids ability to
separate from water.
Density - Mass
per unit of volume.
Detergent -
Additive to keep engine parts clean. In motor oil formulations, the most
commonly used detergents are metallic soaps with a reserve of basicity
to neutralize acids formed during combustion.
Detonation -
Uncontrolled burning of the last portion (end gas) of the air/fuel
mixture in the cylinder of a spark-ignition engine. Also known as knock
or ping.
Differential -
Set of gears that transfers the power from the drive shaft to the drive
wheels and allows those wheels to turn at different speeds.
Dispersant -
Additive that helps keep solid contaminants in crankcase oil in
colloidal suspension, preventing sludge and varnish deposits on engine
parts. Usually nonmetallic (ashless), and used in conjunction with
detergents.
Distillation -
Separation of a mixture of liquids with different boiling points by
progressively raising the temperature. In a refinery distillation unit
the temperature rises continuously from the top to the bottom of the
column and different fractions or cuts are drawn off at different
heights.
Distillation Test -
The basic test used to characterize the volatility
of a gasoline or distillate fuel.
Drag -
Resistance to movement caused by oil viscosity.
Dropping Point -
Temperature at which a grease passes from a
semi-solid to a liquid state under specified test conditions.
Drum - A
cylindrical container that holds 55 gallons of oil or approximately 400
pounds of grease type products. There are also half-size drums that hold
approximately 30 gallons of oil.
Dynamic Viscosity -
Viscosity of a liquid as measured in a rotational
instrument, as distinct from the kinematic viscosity where the liquid
falls through a capillary tube under its own weight.
E.G.R. (Exhaust Gas
Recirculation) Valve -
System to reduce automotive emission of nitrogen oxides (Nox). It routes
exhaust gases into the intake manifold where they dilute the air/fuel
mixture and reduce peak combustion temperatures, thereby reducing the
tendency for Nox to form.
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (EHD or EHL)
- Lubrication characterized by high unit
loads and high speeds in rolling elements where the mating parts deform
elastically due to the incompressibility of the lubricant film under
very high pressure.
Elastomer - A
rubbery type of material.
Emissions -
Term used generically to refer to the various components of the engines
exhaust.
Emulsifier -
Substance used to promote or aid the formation of a stable mixture, or
emulsion of oil & water.
Emulsion -
Mixture of two liquids, which are not soluble with each other, such as
oil and water.
Engine Deposits -
Hard or persistent accumulation of sludge, varnish and
carbonaceous residues due to blow-by of unburned and partially burned
fuel, or the partial breakdown of the crankcase lubricant. Water from
the condensation of combustion products, glycol, carbon, residues from
fuel or lubricating oil additives, dust and metal particles also
contribute.
EP (Extreme Pressure)
- Lubrication regime where surfaces are sliding against each
other under heavy load. The expression was coined for the condition
present in hypoid gears in automotive rear axles.
EP (Extreme Pressure) Lubricants -
Lubricants that impart to rubbing surfaces the ability of carrying
greater loads than would be possible with ordinary lubricants without
excessive wear or damage.
Erosion - The
wearing away of a surface by an impinging fluid or solid
Ester - An
organic compound formed by the reaction of an acid (organic or
inorganic) with an alcohol.
Ethanol - Ethyl
alcohol mainly formed through fermentation. (alcoholic drinks, component
in gasohol)
Ethylene Glycol -
A colorless, syrupy liquid, used as an antifreeze in cooling and heating
systems.
Evaporation Loss -
The loss of a portion of a lubricant due to volatization.
Fillers
- A term normally used to denote something
non-chemical added to an oil or grease, i.e., moly, graphite, zinc
oxide.
Film Strength -
The ability of a lubricant film to withstand the
effects of speed, temperature and load without breaking down.
Filter - Any
device or porous substance used for cleaning and removing suspended
matter from a gas or fluid.
Fire Point -
The temperature where a lubricant, when subjected to a source of
ignition or flame, ignites & continues to burn.
Fire Resistant Fluid -
A fluid, difficult to ignite, that shows little tendency to propagate
flame.
Flash Point (C.O.C.) -
The temperature to which a combustible liquid must
be heated to give off substantial vapor to form a momentarily flammable
mixture with air when a small flame is applied under specific
conditions.
Fluid - Liquid,
gas or combination thereof.
Fluid Friction -
Occurs between the molecules of a gas or liquid in
motion, and is expressed as shear stress. Unlike solid friction, fluid
friction varies with speed and area.
Fluid Power -
Energy transmitted and controlled through use of a pressurized fluid
within an enclosed circuit.
Foam - An
agglomeration of gas bubbles separated from each other by a thin liquid
film. If an oil is said to not foam, the small air bubbles will quickly
combine, become larger bubbles, and then break to vent to the
atmosphere. If this action occurs slowly, the oil is said to foam.
Four Ball Test -
Machine used to evaluate a lubricants antiwear qualities, frictional
characteristics, or load carrying capabilities. There are four steel
-inch balls. Three of the balls are clamped together in a cup filled
with lubricant while the fourth ball is rotated against them. Two test
procedures are based on this same principle the Four Ball EP Test (ASTM
D-2596) and Four Ball Wear Test (ASTM D-2266).
Four Stroke Engine -
An internal combustion engine that requires two revolutions of the
crankshaft to complete all four cycles.
Fretting - Wear
resulting from small amplitude motion between two surfaces; may produce
red or black oxide.
Friction -
Resistance to motion of one object over another. Friction depends on the
smoothness of the contacting surfaces, as well as the force with which
they are pressed together.
Fuel Dilution -
The amount of unburned fuel present in the
lubricant. This test will indicate problems such as fuel line, injector,
carburetor and pump leaks. Fuel dilution is accurate down to less than
0.5%.
Full Film Lubrication -
Complete separation of mated surfaces. No metal-to-metal contact.
Full-Flow Filtration -
A system of filtration in which the total flow of a circulating fluid
system passes through a filter prior to component delivery.
Gears
- Toothed machine parts for transmitting
power from one shaft to another.
Gravity - The
mass/volume relationship of lubricants used in determining volume
requirements for specific mass of products (packaging).
Grease -
Lubricant composed of an oil or oils thickened with a soap, soaps or
other thickener to a semi-solid consistency.
Gum - A rubber
like, sticky deposit black or dark brown in color resulting from the
oxidation of lubricating oils from unstable constituents in gasoline,
which deposit during storage or use.
High Temperature High Shear Rate
Viscosity (HTHS) -
A measure of a fluids resistance to flow under
conditions resembling highly-loaded journal bearings in fired internal
combustion engines, typically 1 million s-1 at 150oC.
Horsepower - A
measurement of an engines power, equal to 550 foot pounds of torque per
second.
Hydrocarbons -
Compounds of hydrogen & carbon of which petroleum products are typical
examples. Also known as organic compounds.
Hydrodynamic Lubrication -
The formation of a continuous lubricating fluid
film between mating surfaces of sufficient pressure to prevent contact
Hydro finishing -
A process for treating raw extracted base stocks with hydrogen to
saturate them for improved stability.
Hydrolytic Stability -
Ability of additives and certain synthetic
lubricants to resist chemical decomposition (hydrolysis) in the presence
of water.
Hypoid Gear Lubricant -
A gear lubricant having extreme pressure characteristics for use in
hypoid type gears (as in the differential of an automobile).
Incompatibility
- When a mixture of two or more substances
shows physical properties or service performance characteristics, which
are inherently inferior to those of either of the individual products
before mixing.
Inhibitor -
Additive that improves the performance of a petroleum product by
controlling undesirable chemical reactions, i.e., oxidation inhibitor,
rust inhibitor, etc.
Insolubles -
Contaminates found in used oils due to dust, dirt, wear particles or
oxidation products.
Journal
- Part of shaft or axle that rotates or
angularly oscillates in or against a bearing or about which a bearing
rotates or angularly oscillates.
Keg
- Container which would typically hold 16
gallons of oil or approximately 120 pounds of a grease-type product.
Also called a quarter drum.
Kinematic Viscosity -
Measure of a fluids resistance to flow under
gravity at a specific temperature (usually 40C or 100C).
Lubrication
- Control of friction and wear by the
introduction of a friction reducing film between moving surfaces in
contact. May be a fluid, solid or plastic substance.
Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) -
Vital information regarding the safe handling and storage of a product.
Micron - A
millionth of a meter, or 0.0000394 inch.
Mineral Oil -
Term applied to a wide range of products that is typically used when
referring to petroleum-based lubricants.
Mini Rotary Viscometer -
An instrument used to measure the borderline
pumping temperature (BPT) of engine oils from 0C to -40C. BPT is the
lowest temperature at which engine oil can be supplied in adequate
amounts to the oil pump inlet.
Multi-viscosity/Multi Grade Oil -
Engine or gear oil that meets the requirements of more than one SAE
viscosity grade classification, and that can be used over a wider
temperature range than a single grade oil.
Naphthenic
- A type of petroleum fluid derived from
naphthenic crude oil, containing a high proportion of closed-ring
methylene groups.
Neutralization Number -
A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of an oil.
Newtonian Flow -
Occurs in a liquid system where the rate of shear is directly
proportional to the shearing force, as with straight grade oils which do
not contain polymeric viscosity modifier. When rate of shear is not
directly proportional to the shearing force, flow is non-Newtonian, as
it is with oils containing viscosity modifiers.
Nitration -
Process where nitrogen oxides attack petroleum fluids at high
temperatures, often resulting in viscosity increase and deposit
formation. Nitration only occurs in applications where fuel is used.
NLGI - National
Lubricating Grease Institute, an industry group that monitors grease and
sets penetration standards for grading greases.
NLGI Number - A
scale for comparing the consistency (hardness) range of greases.
Octane Number
- A measure of a fuels ability to prevent
detonation in a spark-ignition engine.
Organic Acid -
An organic compound, with acid properties, obtained from organic
substances such as animal, vegetable and mineral oils, i.e., a fatty
acid.
Oxidation -
Occurs when oxygen attacks fluids. The process is accelerated by heat,
light, metal catalysts and the presence of water, acids, or solid
contaminants. It leads to increased viscosity and deposit formation.
Oxidation Inhibitor -
Substance added in small quantities to an oil
product to increase its oxidation resistance, thereby lengthening its
service or storage life. Also called an antioxidant.
Oxidation Stability -
Resistance of an oil product to oxidation and, therefore, a measure of
its potential service or storage life.
Oxygenated Fuels -
Fuels for internal combustion engines that contain oxygen combined in
the molecule, e.g., alcohols, ethers and esters. Term also applies to
blends of gasoline with oxygenates, e.g., Gasohol, which contains 10% by
volume of anhydrous ethanol in unleaded gasoline.
Paraffin
- Hydrocarbons belonging to the series
starting with methane (CH4). Paraffins are saturated with respect to
hydrogen. High molecular weight paraffins are solid such as paraffin
wax.
Particle - A
minute piece of matter with observable length, width and thickness,
usually measured in micrometers.
PCV (Positive Crankcase Ventilation)
Valve - An emissions control device that allows
gases from the crankcase to be reintroduced into the intake.
Penetration - A
test in which a cone is dropped into a grease sample to measure the
penetration or how hard or soft the grease is at room temperatures. The
cone penetrates farther in a soft grease and therefore has a higher
penetration number. This penetration relates to an NLGI number. A number
0 grease is called an NLGI 0 grade and will be softer than an NLGI 1 or
2 grade.
pH - A measure
of acidity or alkalinity. Values of pH run from 0-14; 7 indicating
neutrality, numbers less than 7 indicate increasing acidity, and numbers
greater than 7 indicate increasing alkalinity.
Pitting -
Surface cavities, may be related to fatigue, overload or corrosion.
Pneumatics -
Engineering science pertaining to gaseous pressure and flow.
Poise - Unit of
viscosity, defined by the shear stress required to move one layer of
fluid along another over a total thickness of one centimeter at a
velocity of one centimeter per second. This viscosity is independent of
fluid density, and directly related to flow resistance.
Polishing (bore) -
Excessive smoothing of the surface finish of the
cylinder bore or cylinder liner in an engine to a mirror-like
appearance, resulting in depreciation of ring sealing and oil
consumption performance.
Polymerization -
Chemical combination of similar type molecules to form larger molecules.
Pour Point - An
indicator of the ability of an oil or distillate fuel to flow at cool
operating temperatures. It is the lowest temperature at which the fluid
will flow when cooled under prescribed conditions.
Pour Point Depressant -
Additive used to lower the pour point or lower the
temperature fluidity of a petroleum product.
Preignition -
Ignition of the fuel/air mixture in a gasoline engine before the spark
plug fires. Often caused by incandescent fuel or lubricant deposits in
the combustion chamber, it wastes power and may damage the engine.
Propylene Glycol -
A non-toxic liquid used as a coolant/antifreeze in
cooling and heating systems.
Pumpability -
The low temperature, low shear stress-shear rate viscosity
characteristics of an oil that permit satisfactory flow to and from the
engine oil pump and subsequent lubrication of moving components.
Refining
- Series of processes to convert crude oil
and its fractions into finished petroleum products, which may include
thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, polymerization, alkylation,
reforming, hydrocracking, hydrofoaming, hydrogenation, hydrogen
treating, Hydrofining, solvent extraction, dewaxing, de-oiling, acid
treating, clay filtration, deasphalting, etc.
Re-refining - A
process of reclaiming used lubricant oils and restoring them to a
condition similar to that of virgin stocks by filtration, clay
adsorption or more elaborate methods.
Ring Sticking -
Freezing of a piston ring in its groove in a piston engine or
reciprocating compressor due to heavy deposits in the piston ring zone.
Rust - Slow
oxidation of iron.
Rust Preventative -
Compound for coating iron surfaces with a film that protects against
rust. Commonly used to preserve equipment in storage.
SAE Grade
- Numbers applied to automotive lubricants
to indicate their viscosity range.
Saybolt, Saybolt Universal Seconds, SUS, or
SSU - The most common viscosity measurement
prior to the international acceptance of centistokes, SUS measurements
are now obsolete. To convert measurements from SUS at 100F to an
approximate value in cSt at 40C (ISO viscosity grade), divide the SUS
value by 5.
Scoring -
Scratches on mechanical parts in the direction of motion caused by
abrasive contaminants.
Scuffing -
Abnormal engine wear due to localized welding and fracture. It can be
prevented through the use of antiwear, extreme-pressure and friction
modifier additives. See adhesion.
Semi Fluid -
Any substance having attributes of both a liquid and a solid. Similar to
semi solid but being more closely related to a liquid than a solid.
Shearing -
Relative slipping or sliding between one part of a substance and an
adjacent part.
Shear Stability -
Ability of a lubricant to withstand shearing
forces without being degraded to lower viscosity or consistency.
Sludge - A
thick, dark residue, normally of mayonnaise consistency, that
accumulates on nonmoving engine interior surfaces. Generally removable
by wiping unless baked into a carbonaceous consistency, its formation is
associated with insolubles overloading the lubricant.
Solid - Any
substance having definite shape that it does not readily relinquish.
More generally, any substance in which the force required to produce a
deformation depends upon the magnitude of the deformation rather than
the rate of deformation.
Stoichiometric -
Ratio of fuel to air where the exact proportions for complete reaction
of both, with none left over, are present.
Stoke (St) -
Kinematic measurement of a fluids resistance to flow defined by the
ratio of the fluids dynamic viscosity to density.
Supercharger -
A device for increasing the pressure and hence the mass of air and fuel
burned on each firing stroke. Driven by the crankshaft; therefore,
displacement is fixed and directly related to engine RPMs.
Surface Tension -
The contractile surface force of a liquid by which it tends to
assume a spherical form and to present the least possible surface. It is
expressed in dyne/cm or ergs/cm.
Synthetic Lubricant -
Fluid made by chemically reacting materials to
produce a lube with a specific chemical composition, which has planned,
and predictable properties.
Thermally Stable
- Ability to withstand temperatures without
decomposing. Not to be confused with oxidation stability where oxygen
must be present and oxidation rather than decomposition.
Thickener - The
metallic soap or other material used to combine with oil or other
lubricating fluid to make a grease.
Torque - The
twisting force with which the engines crankshaft actually rotates,
measured in foot-pounds.
Total Acid Number (TAN) -
The quantity of base, expressed in milligrams,
that is required to neutralize all acidic constituents present in one
gram of sample.
Total Base Number (TBN) -
The quantity of acid, expressed in terms of the number of milligrams
that is required to neutralize all basic constituents present in
one-gram sample.
Total Solids -
The total amount of solids contamination, both suspended and
non-suspended present in the lubricant. This test is indicative of
carburetion problems (too rich or too lean), if the oil filter has
reached the saturation point and is no longer able to remove
contamination from the system, and if the air intake system is
functioning properly and allowing enough air into the unit for complete
burn to take place.
Tribology -
Science of the interactions between surfaces moving relative to each
other, including the study of lubrication, friction and wear.
Turbine - A
device consisting of blades attached to a disc or rotor, which converts
flow into rotary action.
Turbocharger -
A device for increasing the pressure and hence the mass of air and fuel
burned on each firing stroke. A turbine of exhaust gases drives a
compressor; therefore, efficiency is variable and related to exhaust
pressure.
Vapor Lock
- Condition wherein the fuel boils in the
fuel system forming bubbles that retard or stop the flow of fuel to the
engine.
Varnish - A
thin, insoluble, non-wipeable film occurring on interior engine parts.
Viscosity -
Measure of a fluids resistance to flow.
Viscosity Index (V.I.) -
Relationship of viscosity to temperature of a fluid. High viscosity
index fluids tend to display less change in viscosity with temperature
than low viscosity index fluids.
Viscosity Index Improver (V.I.I.) -
Additive to improve or increase the viscosity
index. A VI improver increases an oils resistance to thinning as it is
heated. It is commonly used in multi-viscosity or multigrade oils. Since
a VI improver increases the viscosity as well as the viscosity index, it
must be taken into consideration when formulating oil. (Example: taking
an oil in the SAE 30 range, adding a VI improver could give an oil like
a SAE 40)
Viscosity Modifier -
See V.I.I. Additive, usually a high molecular
weight polymer that reduces the tendency of an oils viscosity to change
with temperature.
Wear
- Damage resulting from the removal of
materials from surfaces in relative motion.
Zinc (ZDP)
- Commonly used name for zinc
dithiophosphate, an antiwear/oxidation inhibitor chemical. |
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<< By Clicking This Link.
If You Would Like to become a "Preferred Customer" and Purchase
AMSOIL
Products at Factory Direct at Wholesale Prices- Save Approximately 25-30% That
is the
Same Price a Dealer Pays Just Click this Link to save Big!!
Or if you would like to look
into becoming a dealer of AMSOIL
products......
Please, email us at
bob@wolverine-synthetics.com
and we will send you an exclusive comprehensive
package of product, technical and business information. If you are
serious about AMSOIL products and the business opportunity this is the best
option. You will receive extensive technical and business support from both
myself and my Direct Jobber, a Detroit, Michigan Truck/Automotive Engineer and
Lubrication Specialist with over 22 years experience. We look forward to helping
you learn about AMSOIL.
AMSOIL
is Proudly Made in the U.S.A.
America's Oil is
AMSOIL
Our AMSOIL
Group is the Largest and most knowledgeable in the U.S & Canada and is led by
the only
AMSOIL
Regency Platinum 6 Star Direct Jobber in AMSOIL
History! This Individual was also employed by Ford
Motor Company as Senior
Power Train and Chassis Engineer! In our GROUP we
also have a
General Motors Engineer and will
this collective expertise and experience you can be sure that you will receive
the most up to date product and technical recommendations and
we will accurately answer your Automotive and Lubrication related questions.
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WOLVERINE-SYNTHETICS
ROBERT DAVIS
1609 CLARENDON AVE.
NILES, MICHIGAN 49120
Phone: 269-757-3213
Fax : 269-684-3025
Email:
bob@wolverine-synthetics.com
Copyright Information
Copyright 2008-2008 All Rights Reserved. You are not allowed to copy this
website or any portion herein without the direct permission of Wolverine
Synthetics who's contact information is listed above.
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